Understanding the Basics of Bathroom Design

Creating a functional and aesthetically pleasing bathroom involves more than just picking out stylish fixtures. It requires careful planning and a keen understanding of the basics of bathroom design. Here, we’ll discuss the importance of planning a clear floor space, the role of graph paper in planning your bathroom layout, and the ideal distance between a tub and a toilet.

Importance of Planning a Clear Floor Space

The first step in toilet and bath design is to plan for a clear floor space. This refers to the unobstructed area that allows for easy movement and accessibility within the bathroom. As a guideline, at least 30 inches of space should be left from the front edge of all fixtures (lavatory, toilet, bidet, tub, and shower) to any opposite bath fixture, wall, or obstacle. Code requirements also dictate a minimum space of 21 inches in front of the lavatory, toilet, bidet, and tub. Planning a clear floor space ensures comfort and accessibility, enhancing your overall bathroom experience.

The Role of Graph Paper in Planning Your Bathroom Layout

Planning your bathroom layout is made easier with the use of graph paper. By drawing out your bathroom size to scale, you can quickly understand your floor plan and where items can be positioned. This includes windows, doorways, alcoves, sloping ceilings, and more. By visualizing your layout, you can effectively plan for fixture placements, storage solutions, and traffic flow, ensuring your bathroom is both functional and visually appealing.

The Ideal Distance Between a Tub and a Toilet

The placement of your tub and toilet is another crucial aspect of bathroom design. The ideal distance between a tub and toilet is at least 15 inches. This allows for adequate space and prevents collisions with nearby fixtures. If you have a swinging door, it’s essential to consider the placement of hardware such as towel bars, handlebars, and light fixtures to prevent any potential accidents.

At KBF Design Center, we understand the art of designing a bathroom that is both functional and stylish. Our team of experts will guide you in planning your layout and selecting the fixtures that will transform your bathroom into a spa-like retreat. Explore our gallery for design inspiration or book a free consultation to get started on your bathroom remodel today.

Budgeting for Your Bathroom Remodel

When planning a bathroom remodel, one of the first things to consider is your budget. The cost can greatly vary depending on a range of factors. You need to get a clear understanding of what you want to achieve, the materials you want to use, and the overall scope of your project. This will help you create a realistic budget that aligns with your goals and needs.

The Average Cost of a Bathroom Remodel

Remodeling a bathroom can range from $2,500 to $80,000, with an average cost of around $10,978. But don’t let these numbers scare you. With careful planning, you can achieve a stunning transformation that enhances your toilet and bath design without breaking the bank. Your total project cost will depend on various factors such as the size of your bathroom, the quality of the materials you choose, and the extent of the changes you plan to make.

Factors That Influence the Cost of a Bathroom Remodel

1. Fixtures & Fittings: The quality and brand of fixtures you choose greatly influence the cost of your remodel. This includes your toilet, shower, bathtub, and sink.
2. Flooring & Tiles: The type of flooring and tiles you choose can also impact your budget. Options such as porcelain and ceramic tiles are budget-friendly, while natural stone tiles may be more expensive.
3. Vanity & Countertops: The vanity and countertop are key features in any bathroom. Prefabricated vanities are more budget-friendly, while custom-made options can be costlier but offer more design flexibility.
4. Plumbing & Electrical Work: Significant changes to plumbing and electrical systems can add to the overall cost. It’s important to have a clear plan to minimize unexpected expenses.
5. Lighting & Accessories: Updating lighting fixtures and bathroom accessories are smaller yet crucial aspects of your renovation. These costs can vary based on your preferences and the quality of the products you choose.

A bathroom remodel is an investment in your home. It boosts the value of your property and enhances your daily living experience. At KBF Design Center, we believe in striking a balance between your desired results and what you can afford. We can help you plan your toilet and bath design effectively to create a spa-like retreat that remains within your budget.

Design Idea 1: Relaxing Tubs

One of the most desired features in any spa-like bathroom is a relaxing tub. No toilet and bath design can truly be called a spa-like retreat without this luxurious centerpiece. This feature can contribute greatly to creating the perfect atmosphere for relaxation after a long, tiring day.

The Importance of a Relaxing Tub in a Spa-Like Bathroom

A relaxing tub can transform an ordinary bathroom into a personal wellness sanctuary. It’s not just about aesthetics, though a well-chosen tub certainly adds an eye-catching element to the bathroom. More importantly, a relaxing tub offers tangible benefits to your well-being. It allows you to soak, unwind, and de-stress right in the comfort of your own home. Moreover, a tub can enhance your skincare routine, providing a more immersive and satisfying bathing experience.

Different Types of Relaxing Tubs and Their Benefits

There are several types of relaxing tubs, each with their own unique features and benefits.

Soaking Tubs: These are deep, spacious tubs designed for you to fully immerse yourself in water. As mentioned in our Bathtub Next to Shower article, soaking tubs are perfect for relaxation, allowing you to unwind after a long day.

Freestanding Tubs: These tubs can be a standalone fixture in your bathroom, adding a touch of elegance and luxury. They come in various sizes, and even smaller bathrooms can accommodate compact models. They can be placed anywhere, making them a versatile choice for any bathroom layout.

Whirlpool Tubs: These tubs offer a spa-like experience with their therapeutic water jets. They are perfect for soothing sore muscles and creating a relaxing ambiance.

Each of these tubs can provide a unique bathing experience. The key is to choose one that matches your personal style and meets your relaxation needs. At KBF Design Center, we can guide you through the process of selecting and installing the perfect tub for your bathroom renovation project.

Design Idea 2: Glamorous Vanities

The Role of a Vanity in a Bathroom

A vanity is more than just a sink; it serves as the functional hub of your bathroom. It’s where you brush your teeth, apply makeup, and prepare for your day. In addition to providing a surface for these activities, a vanity also offers essential storage for toiletries, cosmetics, and other bathroom essentials. When designed well, a vanity can also serve as a major style statement in your bathroom.

Tips for Choosing a Glamorous Vanity for Your Bathroom

Choosing the perfect vanity for your toilet and bath design can enhance the luxurious atmosphere while providing functionality. Here are some tips to help you choose a glamorous vanity:

1. Consider the Size: The vanity should be proportional to the size of your bathroom. It should not obstruct the flow of traffic or interfere with the opening of doors or shower stalls.
2. Evaluate Your Storage Needs: The vanity should accommodate all your storage needs. Consider the number of users and what items you need to store. If you have numerous toiletries or beauty products, opt for a vanity with multiple drawers and compartments.
3. Choose a Style That Complements Your Bathroom: The vanity can serve as a focal point in your bathroom. Opt for a design that complements the overall style of your bathroom. This could be a sleek, modern design or a classic, traditional style.
4. Incorporate Luxurious Materials: To achieve a truly luxurious bathroom, consider using high-quality and opulent materials for your vanity. Marble, quartz, and high-end metals can add a touch of luxury and refinement to your space.
5. Coordinate Faucets and Fixtures: Matching finishes or complementary designs for the faucets and fixtures will create a cohesive and sophisticated look for your vanity.

A well-chosen vanity can significantly enhance the overall look and feel of your bathroom. At KBF Design Center, we have a wide range of glamorous vanities to suit different styles and preferences. We can guide you through the process of selecting and installing the perfect vanity for your bathroom.

Design Idea 3: Sleek Showers

A sleek shower is a cornerstone of any spa-like bathroom retreat. It’s not just a place to get clean – it’s a sanctuary where you can unwind and wash away the stress of the day. Integrating a sleek shower in your toilet and bath design can drastically enhance the ambience of your bathroom, making it feel more luxurious and relaxing.

The Importance of a Sleek Shower in a Spa-Like Bathroom

A sleek shower is essential in creating a spa-like atmosphere. It adds a touch of sophistication and elegance, transforming an ordinary bathroom into a tranquil oasis. More than just a design element, a sleek shower also contributes to the overall functionality and efficiency of your bathroom. With smart technology integration, you can enjoy features like programmable water temperature and pressure, adding to the luxurious experience.

Different Types of Sleek Showers and Their Benefits

There are several types of sleek showers that you can incorporate into your bathroom design, each with its unique benefits:

1. Frameless Glass Shower Enclosure: This type of shower offers a minimalist aesthetic that can make your bathroom appear more spacious and open. It’s an ideal choice if you’re aiming for a clean, modern look.
2. Rain Showerhead: For a truly spa-like experience, consider installing a rain showerhead. It provides a gentle, refreshing shower that mimics the feel of a natural rain shower, promoting relaxation and tranquility.
3. Half Wall Doorless Shower: This type of shower combines privacy and openness. The half wall provides necessary privacy while the doorless design maintains an open feel, creating a seamless integration with the rest of the bathroom. It’s also a great choice for small bathrooms, as it creates the illusion of space.
4. Shower with Built-In Seating: For added comfort and functionality, consider a shower with built-in seating. It allows for a more relaxing shower experience and can be especially beneficial for those with mobility issues.

At KBF Design Center, we can help you select and install the perfect sleek shower that suits your preferences and aligns with your bathroom’s design. From selecting the right location to choosing the right materials, we’ll guide you through every step of the process to ensure your new shower not only looks great but also functions perfectly.

A sleek shower is more than just a practical element in your bathroom—it’s a key feature that can significantly enhance the overall ambiance of your space. Embrace the potential of your bathroom and transform it into a spa-like retreat with a sleek shower.

Design Idea 4: Modern Toilet Designs

Venturing into the realm of modern toilet designs is an essential step when creating a spa-like retreat in your bathroom. As mundane as it may seem, the toilet is indeed a crucial part of your bathroom that often determines the overall comfort and functionality of the space.

The Role of a Toilet in a Bathroom

The toilet holds a key position in the hierarchy of bathroom essentials. Besides serving the basic function of sanitation, a well-chosen toilet can add a touch of elegance and sophistication to your bathroom. It can enhance the aesthetic appeal and the efficiency of the space, contributing to the overall ambiance of a spa-like retreat.

Different Types of Modern Toilet Designs and Their Benefits

Modern toilet designs have evolved far beyond the basic white porcelain fixture. Today, they are available in a variety of styles, shapes, and sizes, each with its unique advantages.

1. Wall-Hung Toilets: These toilets are mounted on the wall, creating an illusion of more space and making the bathroom easier to clean. They provide a sleek, minimalist look perfect for modern bathroom designs.
2. One-Piece Toilets: These are compact units with the tank and bowl fused together. They offer a streamlined look, are easy to clean, and fit perfectly in smaller bathrooms.
3. Smart Toilets: These high-tech toilets come with features like automatic flush, self-cleaning, heated seats, and even Bluetooth capabilities. They are an excellent choice for those who value convenience and advanced technology.
4. Eco-Friendly Toilets: These toilets are designed to use less water per flush, helping to conserve water and reduce your utility bills.
5. Compact Corner Toilets: These are ideal for small bathrooms or powder rooms, where space is at a premium. The triangular tank fits snugly in the corner, freeing up extra space.

Incorporating modern toilet designs into your bathroom can significantly enhance the comfort, functionality, and aesthetic appeal of your space. The right toilet can elevate your bathroom from a mere functional room to a spa-like sanctuary.

At The Kitchen & Bath Design Center, we assist you in making the right choice, ensuring that the toilet design aligns with your needs and complements the overall style of your bathroom. From the initial consultation to the final installation, we ensure a seamless process and a result that resonates with your vision of a spa-like retreat.

Design Idea 5: Unique Bathroom Tile Ideas

A critical part of any spa-like bathroom transformation lies in the choice of bathroom tiles. Tiles not only contribute significantly to the aesthetics of your toilet and bath design but also determine the durability and maintenance ease of your bathroom.

The Importance of Bathroom Tiles in a Spa-Like Bathroom

Tiles are more than just a functional element in your bathroom; they’re an essential aspect of the overall design. They can help create different moods and atmospheres, from calm and soothing to vibrant and energetic. Moreover, with the right tile choice, you can add a touch of luxury and elegance to your bathroom, transforming it into a personal spa retreat.

Tiles provide a unique opportunity to add personality and character to your bathroom design. By varying the pattern, size, and color of the tiles, you can create a custom look that reflects your personal style. Whether it’s a bold statement wall or a subtle accent piece, the possibilities with tiles are endless .

Different Types of Unique Bathroom Tiles and Their Benefits

There are several types of bathroom tiles that you can choose from, each offering different benefits and unique aesthetic qualities:

1. Ceramic Tiles: These are the most popular choice for bathrooms due to their durability and ease of maintenance. They’re also available in a wide range of colors and designs, allowing you to create a custom look that matches your style.
2. Porcelain Tiles: These tiles are highly durable and resistant to moisture, making them an excellent choice for bathrooms. They also have a luxurious feel, adding to the spa-like atmosphere of your bathroom.
3. Glass Tiles: These tiles offer a modern and sleek look. They’re also easy to clean and can reflect light, making your bathroom appear larger and more spacious.
4. Stone Tiles: If you’re looking for a natural and earthy feel, stone tiles are a great choice. They add texture and warmth to your bathroom, creating a relaxing and soothing environment.
5. Mosaic Tiles: These small, colorful tiles allow you to create intricate patterns and designs, adding a unique and creative touch to your bathroom.

At KBF Design Center, we understand the importance of selecting the right tiles for your bathroom remodel. We guide you through the process, helping you choose tiles that not only match your design vision but also provide longevity and durability. After all, a well-chosen tile can last for decades, making it a cost-effective choice for your bathroom remodel.

Whether you’re looking for a bold statement piece or a subtle accent, we have a vast selection of tiles to choose from. Let us help you transform your bathroom into a luxurious, spa-like retreat with our unique bathroom tile ideas.

Design Idea 6: Steam Showers and Infrared Saunas

When it comes to creating a spa-like retreat in your home, few elements can match the luxury and relaxation offered by steam showers and infrared saunas. These fixtures bring the benefits of a professional spa into the comfort of your own bathroom, elevating your daily routine into a soothing experience.

The Role of Steam Showers and Infrared Saunas in a Spa-Like Bathroom

Steam showers and infrared saunas are increasingly popular in modern toilet and bath design for their therapeutic benefits and the opulence they add to the bathroom ambiance. They can help you unwind, detoxify, and rejuvenate right at home, making your bathroom not just a space for hygiene, but also a place for wellness and relaxation.

A steam shower encourages deep relaxation, by enveloping your body in warm, soothing steam, which can help to ease muscle tension, improve circulation, and promote healthier skin. Whereas, an infrared sauna uses infrared light to warm your body directly, providing a deep, detoxifying sweat at a lower temperature than traditional saunas, which can be beneficial for joint pain, boosting your immune system, and even weight loss.

Different Types of Steam Showers and Infrared Saunas and Their Benefits

Steam showers come in a variety of styles and sizes, from compact units that can replace a standard shower stall, to larger, walk-in enclosures designed for multiple users. Many models offer additional features such as mood lighting, aromatherapy diffusers, and built-in sound systems for a truly immersive spa experience.

Infrared saunas, on the other hand, can be standalone units that can be installed in a corner of your bathroom or integrated into a larger bathroom design. They come in a variety of sizes, from one-person units to larger models that can accommodate multiple users. They also come with a range of customizable features, including different types of wood finishes, sound systems, and chromotherapy lighting options.

At KBF Design Center, we understand that every project is unique. Our experienced team is here to guide you through the process of choosing the best steam shower or infrared sauna for your specific needs and preferences. With our wide selection of top-quality products and our commitment to excellent service, we can turn your dream of a spa-like bathroom into reality.

Design Idea 7: Small Toilet Room Design Ideas

The Importance of a Small Toilet Room in a Spa-Like Bathroom

Incorporating a small toilet room into your bathroom design can significantly enhance the overall functionality and aesthetics of your space. Not only does it offer a sense of privacy, but it also allows for a more efficient use of space, especially in smaller bathrooms. At KBF Design Center, we understand that every inch matters, and we are committed to helping you optimize your toilet and bath design.

Different Types of Small Toilet Room Designs and Their Benefits

1. Compact, Minimalist Design: A minimalist design focuses on simplicity and functionality, using elements like floating vanities and frameless glass doors to create a sense of openness and elegance. This design is perfect for smaller spaces as it eliminates unnecessary clutter and emphasizes clean lines .
2. Nature-Inspired Design: Incorporating elements of nature into your small toilet room can create a calming, spa-like ambiance. Use earthy tones, natural materials like wood or stone, and indoor plants to bring the serenity of nature indoors.
3. Statement Wall Tiles: One of the most effective ways to add personality to your small toilet room is by using statement wall tiles. Choose a unique pattern or color that complements the overall style of your bathroom to create a striking focal point.
4. Smart Technology Integration: Even small toilet rooms can benefit from the integration of smart technology. Consider features like motion-sensor lighting or smart mirrors with built-in LED lighting and Bluetooth speakers to enhance convenience and modernity.
5. All-in-One Cloakroom Solutions: If space is highly limited, consider an all-in-one cloakroom solution. These designs cleverly incorporate the toilet, sink, and storage into a compact unit, making the most of the available space .

At KBF Design Center, we believe that even small spaces can offer big potential. Our team of experts are skilled in creating beautiful and functional small toilet room designs that not only meet your needs but also enhance your overall bathroom aesthetic. Whether you’re looking for a minimalist design, a nature-inspired retreat, or a space-saving all-in-one solution, we have the expertise and resources to bring your vision to life. Contact us today to start planning your dream bathroom.

Design Idea 8: All-in-One Cloakroom Solutions

The Importance of an All-in-One Cloakroom in a Spa-Like Bathroom

An all-in-one cloakroom, also known as a powder room, is a small bathroom that typically includes a toilet and a sink. These spaces are commonly used by guests and offer a unique opportunity to create a spa-like experience in a compact area. They’re perfect for homes with limited space but big aspirations for luxury and comfort.

At KBF Design Center, we believe that every room in your house, no matter how small, can contribute to your overall sense of relaxation and tranquility. An all-in-one cloakroom allows you to extend the spa-like atmosphere throughout your home, ensuring that your guests can also enjoy a touch of luxury during their visit.

Different Types of All-in-One Cloakroom Solutions and Their Benefits

There are several all-in-one cloakroom solutions that can transform your small bathroom into a luxurious spa retreat.

1. Small Toilet Design: Opting for a compact toilet design can free up valuable space in your cloakroom. Despite their small size, these toilets can be just as comfortable and functional as their larger counterparts.
2. Smart Storage Solutions: As seen in our Pinterest collection, incorporating smart storage solutions like built-in niches or shelving can help keep your cloakroom tidy and organized, enhancing the relaxing ambiance.
3. Elegant Accessories: Thoughtfully chosen accessories like soap dispensers, towel racks, and decorative accents can significantly enhance the look of your cloakroom and create a more cohesive design.
4. Relaxing Lighting: Installing dimmable lights can create a soothing ambiance, making your cloakroom a calming oasis for your guests.
5. Water-Resistant Materials: Given the proximity of the toilet and sink, it’s crucial to use water-resistant materials, ensuring the longevity of your design.

Each of these solutions offers unique benefits, from maximizing space to enhancing aesthetics to improving functionality. By carefully considering your needs and preferences, we can help you create an all-in-one cloakroom that truly feels like a spa retreat. Visit our website to learn more about our design process and how we can bring your vision to life.

Design Idea 9: Bathroom Counters and Vanities

Bathroom counters and vanities are more than just functional elements in a bathroom. They play a crucial role in establishing the overall aesthetic of the space and can contribute significantly to the spa-like atmosphere.

The Importance of Bathroom Counters and Vanities in a Spa-Like Bathroom

Bathroom counters and vanities not only provide a space for you to carry out your daily routines, but they also offer storage solutions and can be a statement piece in your bathroom’s decor. Their design, material, and finish can bring a sense of luxury and sophistication to the space, enhancing the spa-like feel. They can also be customized to your style preferences and needs, ensuring that they seamlessly blend with the rest of your bathroom’s design.

At KBF Design Center, we understand the importance of selecting the right counter and vanity for your bathroom. We consider factors such as size, storage needs, and style preferences to create a design that not only enhances the luxurious atmosphere but also provides functionality, as mentioned in one of our blogs.

Different Types of Bathroom Counters and Vanities and Their Benefits

There’s a wide range of bathroom counters and vanities available, each with its own set of benefits. For instance, granite counters are known for their durability and unique patterns, while engineered quartz counters offer a more uniform look and are resistant to scratches and stains. Marble counters, on the other hand, add a touch of luxury and elegance to your bathroom.

When it comes to vanities, freestanding vanities provide a classic and elegant look, while wall-mounted vanities can give your bathroom a modern and minimalist appeal. Floating vanities can also make your bathroom feel more spacious, making them an excellent choice for small bathrooms.

In terms of functionality, vanities with built-in shelves or hidden compartments can help you keep your bathroom organized and clutter-free, as we suggested in one of our blogs about narrow bathroom design.

The best counter and vanity for your bathroom will depend on your personal taste, your bathroom’s layout, and your specific needs. At KBF Design Center, we’re here to guide you through the process, ensuring that your new bathroom counter and vanity not only look fantastic but also serve their purpose effectively. Explore our services page to see how we can help you create your dream bathroom.

Design Idea 10: Bathroom Storage Solutions

The Importance of Bathroom Storage in a Spa-Like Bathroom

A well-designed bathroom is not only about the fittings and finishes but also about the functionality. A spa-like retreat is a perfect blend of luxury and practicality, and having ample storage space is a critical aspect of this balance. In fact, smart and efficient storage solutions can significantly elevate your toilet and bath design by keeping your essentials within reach while maintaining a clean, uncluttered look.

Without adequate storage, your bathroom can quickly become chaotic and stressful, which is the exact opposite of a spa-like sanctuary. At KBF Design Center, we understand the importance of storage in creating a serene, spa-like atmosphere in your bathroom.

Different Types of Bathroom Storage Solutions and Their Benefits

There are numerous storage solutions available that can be tailored to your bathroom’s specific needs. Here are a few innovative ideas:

1. Built-in Wall Niches: Built-in wall niches are a fantastic way to maximize storage potential in your bathroom. These recessed shelves provide convenient storage for toiletries, candles, or decorative items while keeping the overall space organized and clutter-free.
2. Floating Shelves: Floating shelves are a versatile storage solution for bathrooms of all sizes. Install them above the toilet or near the vanity to hold essentials like towels, toiletries, or decorative accents. Floating shelves add functionality without occupying precious floor space, making them perfect for small bathrooms.
3. Over-the-Toilet Cabinets: Over-the-toilet cabinets offer additional storage without taking up valuable floor area. These cabinets provide a space to store extra toilet paper, towels, or other bathroom supplies. Choose slim and tall cabinets that fit seamlessly above the toilet for a streamlined look.
4. Hidden Storage Solutions: Consider incorporating hidden storage solutions into your bathroom remodel. Install a mirrored medicine cabinet with built-in shelves or choose a vanity with hidden compartments. These clever storage options keep your essentials within reach while maintaining a clean and uncluttered look.

Each of these storage solutions offers unique benefits and can be customized to suit your aesthetic preferences and storage needs. At KBF Design Center, we specialize in creating custom bathroom storage solutions that not only serve a functional purpose but also contribute to the overall design and aesthetic of your bathroom. Visit our blog for more inspiring ideas.

Conclusion

Recap of the 10 Amazing Toilet and Bath Design Ideas

As we journeyed through this curated list of 10 amazing toilet and bath design ideas, we encountered a variety of elements that contribute to a spa-like retreat. From relaxing tubs that provide a tranquil bathing experience, glamorous vanities that add elegance, sleek showers that combine utility with style, to modern toilet designs that infuse a sense of sophistication.

We also explored unique bathroom tile ideas that create an eye-catching focal point, and steam showers and infrared saunas that bring the luxury of a wellness center into your home. Small toilet room designs showcased how to optimize limited space, while all-in-one cloakroom solutions offered a compact yet comprehensive approach to bathroom design. Lastly, we delved into bathroom counters, vanities, and storage solutions that blend aesthetics with functionality.

Final Thoughts on Creating a Spa-Like Retreat in Your Bathroom

Creating a spa-like retreat in your bathroom is about more than just aesthetics. It’s about designing a space that caters to your needs, soothes your senses, and provides a sanctuary where you can unwind. Every detail, from the choice of tiles to the type of bathtub, contributes to the overall ambiance and functionality of the space.

At the KBF Design Center, we understand the importance of personalizing your bathroom to reflect your style, preferences, and lifestyle. We are dedicated to providing expert guidance and innovative solutions to transform your bathroom into a personal oasis.

Our design professionals are ready to collaborate with you, leveraging their expertise and our extensive range of products and services. Whether you are looking to create a minimalist aesthetic with a modern toilet design or dreaming of a luxurious soaker tub, we can make your vision a reality.

In conclusion, creating a spa-like retreat in your bathroom is a rewarding project that enhances not just your home, but also your well-being. So, if you’re ready to start your bathroom renovation project, contact us today. For more inspiration, don’t forget to check out our blog for a wealth of toilet and bath design ideas.